At this point even the most gullible of filmgoers must realize that nearly every movie has been digitally enhanced in one way or another. Long gone are the days when talented VFX artists were only called on to bring spaceships and dinosaurs to life; these days directors like Baz Luhrmann spend millions on effects to simply help bring even a few lamp posts to life.
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Editor's note:?Dan Kaplan?is a freelance Content Strategist and armchair futurist. He has worked in marketing for Asana, Twilio and Salesforce. In the wake of Apple's big iOS 7 reveal, there has been much hoopla and quibbling. The bulk about it has centered around the design choices made by Jony Ive, his team and (apparently) some icon designers in marketing.Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Techcrunch/~3/hPr9DVt73xU/
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When I test a bag I like to put it through its paces by taking it out into the field and using it. So naturally, when I got the ECBC Zeus Messenger K7-203 in for review, I did what anyone would do to get a feel for the bag's usefulness and durability?I took it to a tradeshow in Taiwan.
From JFK International in New York to Taoyuan International Airport in Taipei, and back, and on to dozens of booth visits and press events in between, the Zeus Messenger served me quite well. For most of Computex I carried with me a laptop, camera, mobile hotspot, paper notebook, a handful of pens, several papers and travel documents, a handful of snacks, and a few dozen business cards. For some meetings I usually also brought along a number of other odds and ends (Spare memory card and batteries, USB SD Card reader, a USB-to-Ethernet dongle, and a pair of headphones), and I usually left meetings with more stuff than I brought, gathering brochures, flash drives, and various branded tchotchkes along the way.
Design and Features
The Zeus Messenger measures 18 by 13.8 by 3.5 inches (HWD), and weighs 2.1 pounds when empty. While that's by no means the lightest such bag we've reviewed, it's a fairly light weight for a sturdy single-compartment messenger bag. The bag itself is constructed of rugged Kodra Nylon, which is not only resistant to abrasion and tearing, and it's also waterproofed to protect your stuff from splashes and drizzles. The Zeus Messenger can be purchased in black, blue, green, linen, or berry. The look is pretty conservative?the blue or black will blend into any office environment?but it's definitely a case of form following function.
Inside, the bag is portioned out with dividers made of light rip-stop nylon, which doesn't monopolize the space meant for stuff but should be fairly durable over the months and years you use the bag. The bag is closed with one main flap secured with both Velcro and buckling nylon straps. This use of two different kinds of closures gives you the option of simply closing the flap when in a hurry?knowing that the Velcro will keep it securely closed?or to snap the buckles for more security.
Behind the large flap is an array of smaller pockets, fitted to everything from pens and sunglasses to notebooks (the paper kind), wallets, and passports. A zippered interior pocket is large enough to slip documents into, but it's just inaccessible enough?you have to peel open the Velcro-secured flap to get to it?that it's not immediately convenient, and I would have preferred a similar zippered document pocket along the back of the bag for more convenient access.
The Zeus Messenger has a single main compartment, which includes a padded laptop sleeve. The lining in this sleeve is soft to prevent scratching the plastic or glass of the laptop, and a removable foam block lets you adjust the pocket to more snugly fit a 13- to 15-inch laptop. Next to the laptop sleeve, inside the main compartment, there are two elastic-topped mesh pockets for stashing a power adapter or two without having to worry about removing a snarled tangle of cords later.
On the outside flap, there's a large zippered ticket pocket. Inside this large pocket is a smaller padded phone pocket (which incidentally works well for a digital voice recorder). On one end of the bag is a mesh pocket for loose objects, and at the other a zippered pocket that can either zip closed to secure small objects or pull out to comfortably store a water bottle.
The wide nylon shoulder strap is easily adjusted, thanks to a large lever-locking clasp that opens for simple adjustment buckle closes and clamps down to keep the strap secure. On the strap is an adjustable shoulder pad, with a stripe of textured rubberized fabric for traction. This alleviates a common problem seen on many messenger bags, wherein the adjustable shoulder strap will adjust itself out of proper position, settling somewhere in the small of your back instead of staying on the shoulder, where it belongs. Instead, thanks to the extra traction provided by that textured strip, the shoulder pad stays put, even as you shift the bag's position to get in or out of a car, or to grab a seat on the subway.
The bag also features a stout nylon handle, which gets extra padding and grip thanks to a strip of neoprene just inside the handle grip. The sturdy nylon always left me feeling secure while carrying the bag, with the weight properly distributed and no sagging. The neoprene underside of the handle made for a more comfortable grip, which was especially important when stuck carrying the bag briefcase style through a customs line at the airport.
On the back of the bag is luggage trolley pass-thru?a wide padded panel that pulls out from the bag and can be slipped onto the extended handle of a rolling suitcase. It's secured with Velcro, so when not in use, it's just a padded panel on the back of the bag, but when you're slogging through the airport with two other suitcases, trying to pull one and carry the other, maintaining enough of a normal posture to keep your shoulder bag from swinging wildly or slipping off a shoulder can become a giant pain in the butt. Being able to slip you shoulder bag onto a suitcase and not have to juggle with the larger bags is a big benefit, and anyone who travels for work or commutes with a second rolling bag will welcome the thoughtful addition.
Performance
So, after taking the ECBC Zeus Messenger halfway around the world and back, how did it do in regular use? While hauling my daily loadout of laptop, camera, notebook, and assorted stuff, it did pretty well. The bag was spacious enough for all of my gadgets, and the assorted pockets and compartments gave me plenty of options for keeping it all organized. The strap length was easily adjusted, but stayed secure after doing so, and the adjustable shoulder pad was good enough that I want it on any messenger bag I use.
My only complaint with the bag, as mentioned before, was the placement of the document pocket?I wanted a way to access my papers without opening the entire bag. One other thing I would have appreciated, and this is purely a personal preference, would be one or two loops on the outside of the bag for attaching a carabiner or similar clip. Aside from these two rather negligible issues, the bag was everything I wanted it to be.
All in all, the ECBC Zeus Messenger K7-203 is a well-constructed messenger bag, with room for all your stuff. The design is thoughtful and orderly, and the bag's structure and sturdy materials let me feel secure filling it with expensive and essential equipment without worrying about whether my things were loose in the bag. After a week of heavy use in three different countries and dozens of unique scenarios, it's safe to say that this is one bag you'll want to grab.
Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/ziffdavis/pcmag/~3/KaKlbbT1XQ4/0,2817,2421177,00.asp
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Cicadas' odd life cycle poses evolutionary conundrums
By Susan Milius
Web edition: June 28, 2013
Print edition: July 13, 2013; Vol.184 #1 (p. 26)
Enlarge Credit: Tom Siegfried
After 17 years underground, throngs of ruby-eyed cicadas clawed up through the soil this year to partake in a once-in-a-lifetime, synchronized mating frenzy. Except it wasn?t one big insect orgy: It was three.
The insects that unearthed themselves to breed in 2013 belong to three distinct species. You need only flip them over to see some differences, written in the varieties of their orange markings.
You can hear the differences too, says Chris Simon of the University of Connecticut in Storrs. The tymbals on either side of a male?s abdomen vibrate to make the racket for which cicadas are famous. A chorus of courting Magicicada cassini males sounds like an electric carving knife revving up. M. septendecula coughs out a series of? rasps. And M. septendecim serenades with the whistling drone of a B-movie spaceship.
The various thrums and buzzings may mingle in the same neighborhood, but the last time ancestors of these species mated with each other was almost 4 million years ago, Simon says. That?s the conclusion of the most detailed genetic studies yet of periodical cicada evolutionary history, which Simon and colleagues published in April in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. With DNA plus episodic field observations, the scientists are getting an idea about the odd family tree of periodical cicadas, how the insects synchronize their life cycles and why they breed side-by-side with others unsuitable for mating.
Enlarge The three species of Brood II that emerged this year are (left to right) Magicicada cassini, M. septendecula, and M. septendecim. The males sing species-specific songs to ensure that they attract the appropriate females.
Credit: Courtesy of John Cooley/Univ. of Conn.
Biologists have named a few thousand cicada species worldwide, all within the families Cicadidae and Tettigarctidae. Cicadas nestle on the evolutionary tree of life among planthoppers and related botanical vampires that suck plant fluids ? not with locusts as is commonly thought. But only the seven named species that make up the genus Magicicada live underground for more than a decade and then burst forth to breed in multi-species masses. These periodical cicadas live in eastern and central North America, where biologists and spring-wedding planners alike keep tabs on the 15 different cohorts, or broods. The broods are identified according to the years in which they cycle into frantic reproduction.
From then to now
On an evolutionary family tree, the periodical cicadas branch and then fan into species sets with patterns that echo each other. And since this is biology and not mathematical theory, odd anomalies show up here and there.
For example, consider the origins of the 13- and 17-year cyclers. A biologist from another planet might hypothesize that such a dramatic difference in life cycles arose once when ancient ancestors of today?s 17-year species diverged from 13-year counterparts. Logical enough, but not what happened, Simon says.
Enlarge Life underground
View larger image | Billions of noisy bugs may attract all the attention, but the cicadas' mass emergence is just the final blip in the long life of the periodical species. All seven species spend the majority of their lives buried in the soil. Then, on cue, they surface to find a mate and reproduce.Credit: Nicolle Rager Fuller
The big, new family tree confirms that a common ancestor first split into three lineages (called Cassini, Decula and Decim) and then each lineage independently evolved 17-year and 13-year forms. So this year?s cicada brood, designated by the Roman numeral II, comprises a 17-year species from each of the three ancient lineages. And the closest sister species of this year?s breeders are not each other but 13-year cyclers locked in with different broods.
Safety in numbers
What preserves the multi-species broods may be cicada predators, says Rick Karban of the University of California, Davis. Cicadas haven?t evolved the common insect defenses of camouflage or nimble flight. These are big, noisy bugs without many escape skills. ?You can pick them off a tree,? Karban says. ?They?re just seemingly ? dumb.?
But with thousands, millions or billions living conspicuously for the same brief period of time, each individual has a better chance of surviving. Predators can?t eat the whole generation. There?s safety in extreme numbers, so synchronizing with a different species beats coming out with just your own in smaller numbers and getting picked off by hungry birds. As segments of different species overlap in their reproductive timing, they ?get sucked into a brood,? Simon says. Only one brood, VII, consists of just one species.
Enlarge Mix and match
View larger image | Almost any year, periodical cicadas burst from the ground in mating frenzies in the eastern United States. A single cohort, Brood II, emerged in 2013, but in 2014 and 2015, both 13- and 17-year cicada broods will emerge. (Color-coded dots show observed or expected locations.) Most broods include a mix of what are considered separate Magicicada species, which evolved from a common ancestor almost 4 million years ago (family tree, left). Those ancestors branched into three main lineages: Decula, Cassini and Decim. Now each lineage has its own 13-year species (?tre? prefix) and 17-year species (?septen? prefix, not used in M. cassini). Species from each lineage live in all regions (east, middle and west) where cicadas are found. The genetics of the regional populations mirrors their geographic distribution (shown on tree).Credit: T. Sota et al/PNAS 2013 and Magicicada.org; Map: E. Otwell
Surging forth in great numbers to thwart predators is not some special cicada thing, Karban notes. Cicadas get the headlines, but mayflies transforming from their aquatic to aerial forms synchronize, and oak trees drop occasional bumper crops of acorns.
How the cicadas manage to synchronize may be trickier to explain, though. In fact, cicadas in the same brood grow idiosyncratically. Karban has dug up samples of periodical cicadas during their underground years and found all kinds of out-of-sync stages of development. Those that race through the five stages of underground life end up waiting for the signal to emerge, giving the laggards time to catch up.
What that signal might be is also in question. Soil temperature probably cues the right calendar day for the neighborhood mass emergence, but how the cicadas choose the right year is a puzzle. They could ?count? the years with seasonal changes in the tree sap they feed on, Karban speculates. To test this idea, he dug up cicadas with two years yet to go underground and moved them onto roots in a colleague?s research set of peach trees. The colleague coaxed the trees to flower twice in one year, and cicadas emerged as if two years had passed instead of one.
But why so long underground? Karban?s answer is basically, why not? A long immature period may have more advantages than disadvantages. Again he has gone digging. His samples of cicadas from underground don?t show much evidence of premature death by predator attack. And spending more time growing may mean bigger bodies with the power to have more offspring. The 17-year cicadas he unearthed in the Midwest were in the process of forming more eggs than 13-year ones living nearby.
A long development time could also have been a big boon for surviving the ice ages, says geologist Randy Cox of the University of Memphis, who has analyzed how climate affects the pattern of cicada emergences. During ice ages, he points out, even southern refuges had chilly years, and a really cold spell could wipe out a population. The longer a cicada?s cycle, the fewer times populations would have to play climate roulette.
If big numbers are good for cicada life cycles, he and other researchers suspect that big, prime numbers (divisible only by one and themselves) are even better. Predator populations can rise and fall in cycles too. If cicadas had a 12-year cycle instead of a 13-year one, for example, they would coincide more frequently with big years of any predators on two-, three- or four-year cycles.
Those big, prime numbers might also minimize unfortunate hybridization between cicadas timed to breed on different cycles, Cox suggests. When such cicadas? reproductive years coincide, any cross-breeding could doom offspring. Their half-brood genes could lead them to reproduce in some intermediate year between mom?s and dad?s regular cycle. Without the company of millions of pure-broods, hybrids would be easy pickings for predators and reproductive dead-ends for their family lineages. But with life spans of 13 and 17 years, the simultaneous emergence of broods on different schedules happens only once every 221 years.
Cicadas may even somehow influence predator cycles, suggests ornithologist Walt Koenig of Cornell University. Decades of nationwide citizen-science surveys of breeding birds show that cicadas tend to show up during dips in numbers of seven cicada-eating birds, including American crows and blue jays. This may not be coincidence. That feast of easy-to-catch cicadas may somehow set bird populations on rise-and-fall trajectories that miss big cicada years, he and Andrew Liebhold of the USDA Northern Research Station in Morgantown, W.Va., proposed in the January American Naturalist. ?Even we think this is kind of weird,? he says, ?but it fits the data.?
However the brood emergences came to be, they?re worth seeking out. ?Cicadas are one of the big natural spectacles of North America,? Karban says. For those who missed the show this year, he promises, one of the 15 periodical broods will break out loud and dumb somewhere almost any year.
Source: http://www.sciencenews.org/view/feature/id/351285/title/Mystery_in_synchrony
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Public release date: 26-Jun-2013
Share ] Contact: Mary Beckman
mary.beckman@pnnl.gov
509-375-3688
DOE/Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
RICHLAND, Wash. -- The blockbuster battles between good and evil are not just on the big screen this summer. A new study that examined food poisoning infection as-it-happens in mice revealed harmful bacteria, such as a common type of Salmonella, takes over beneficial bacteria within the gut amid previously unseen changes to the gut environment. The results provide new insights into the course of infection and could lead to better prevention or new treatments.
"We're trying to tease apart a largely unknown area of biology," said systems biologist Josh Adkins and team lead at the Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. "Infection changes the populations of bacteria in the gut with resulting inflammation. We want to understand the interplay between these events."
Out this week in PLOS ONE, the study shows that Salmonella Typhimurium might use the sugar fucose either as a sign that it has found a good place to reproduce or use fucose to sustain itself during infection, or both. This was the first time researchers saw fucose as an important player during Salmonella infection.
"We were taken completely by surprise with the fucose results," said Adkins. They also saw other sugars that normally are eaten by resident bacteria going untouched. "By knowing what the bacteria eat, we can try to promote the good bacteria and throw off the battle."
The Mice
Food poisoning caused by Salmonella bacteria hits more than 40,000 people every year. One of the common types that infect people, Salmonella Typhimurium, doesn't usually get mice sick, so Adkins and colleagues used mice uniquely sensitive to Salmonella infection. After infecting mice with the disease-causing bacteria orally, the researchers could follow the course of the illness by analyzing what came out of the other end of the mice.
"In most studies, researchers clear out the resident bacteria with antibiotics before introducing infectious bacteria," said microbiologist Brooke Deatherage Kaiser. "In this study, we could watch Salmonella knock out the commensal organisms and then watch them come back. Following the interactions through time is not something we've been able to do before."
The story they put together shows how Salmonella usurps microbes that normally populate the gut. Known as commensal bacteria, resident bugs perform important functions such as breaking down carbohydrates and sugars that people and mice can't. Using advanced instruments and techniques, the researchers identified which populations of bacteria dominated as infection progressed and mice recovered, as well as changes in the gastrointestinal tract, such as the presence of inflammation and available nutrients. Some of the experiments were performed in EMSL, the DOE's Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory on PNNL's campus.
The Sugars
While many events the team witnessed were expected, such as infection causing inflammation in the gut, some were not. One unexpected change was in the kinds of sugars available for bacteria to eat. A handful of sugars that good bacteria normally chow down on lay around the gut untouched.
This stockpile of unusual sugars likely occurred because the good bacteria had, by that point, been overtaken by Salmonella and another bacterial variety, Enterococci. Enteroccoci are normally found in the gut, but can take advantage of opportunities to overgrow their welcome.
Unexpectedly, several lines of evidence suggested that Salmonella might use the sugar fucose as a food source. This study showed that the bacteria produced proteins that specifically help it digest fucose, which was the first time these researchers observed fucose proteins during Salmonella infection.
Although additional research will be needed to flesh out the role of fucose in the infectious cycle of Salmonella Typhimurium, this observation may help to control or prevent gastrointestinal infection in the future by a better understanding of nutrient sources and signals in the gut.
Overall, the study allowed the PNNL researchers to follow the rise and fall of the infecting bacteria, the fall and rise during recovery of the commensal bacteria, and changes to the gut as the mice fended off the infection. Future research will focus on what happens in other areas of the intestine to get a handle on the difference between the type of illness this study represented, acute gastrointestinal disease, and more systemic infection.
###
This work was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease.
Reference: Brooke L. Deatherage Kaiser, Jie Li, James A. Sanford, Young-Mo Kim, Scott R. Kronewitter, Marcus B. Jones, Christine T. Peterson, Scott N. Peterson, Bryan C. Frank, Samuel O. Purvine, Joseph N. Brown, Thomas O. Metz, Richard D. Smith, Fred Heffron, and Joshua N. Adkins. A Multi-Omic View of Host-Pathogen-Commensal Interplay in Salmonella-Mediated Intestinal Infection, PLOS ONE Month Day, Year, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067155. (http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0067155)
EMSL, the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, is a national scientific user facility sponsored by the Department of Energy's Office of Science. Located at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in Richland, Wash., EMSL offers an open, collaborative environment for scientific discovery to researchers around the world. Its integrated computational and experimental resources enable researchers to realize important scientific insights and create new technologies. Follow EMSL on Facebook, LinkedIn and Twitter.
Interdisciplinary teams at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory address many of America's most pressing issues in energy, the environment and national security through advances in basic and applied science. PNNL employs 4,500 staff, has an annual budget of nearly $1 billion, and has been managed for the U.S. Department of Energy by Ohio-based Battelle since the laboratory's inception in 1965. For more, visit the PNNL's News Center, or follow PNNL on Facebook, LinkedIn and Twitter.
[ | E-mail | Share ] ?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Public release date: 26-Jun-2013 Share ] Contact: Mary Beckman
mary.beckman@pnnl.gov
509-375-3688
DOE/Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
RICHLAND, Wash. -- The blockbuster battles between good and evil are not just on the big screen this summer. A new study that examined food poisoning infection as-it-happens in mice revealed harmful bacteria, such as a common type of Salmonella, takes over beneficial bacteria within the gut amid previously unseen changes to the gut environment. The results provide new insights into the course of infection and could lead to better prevention or new treatments.
"We're trying to tease apart a largely unknown area of biology," said systems biologist Josh Adkins and team lead at the Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. "Infection changes the populations of bacteria in the gut with resulting inflammation. We want to understand the interplay between these events."
Out this week in PLOS ONE, the study shows that Salmonella Typhimurium might use the sugar fucose either as a sign that it has found a good place to reproduce or use fucose to sustain itself during infection, or both. This was the first time researchers saw fucose as an important player during Salmonella infection.
"We were taken completely by surprise with the fucose results," said Adkins. They also saw other sugars that normally are eaten by resident bacteria going untouched. "By knowing what the bacteria eat, we can try to promote the good bacteria and throw off the battle."
The Mice
Food poisoning caused by Salmonella bacteria hits more than 40,000 people every year. One of the common types that infect people, Salmonella Typhimurium, doesn't usually get mice sick, so Adkins and colleagues used mice uniquely sensitive to Salmonella infection. After infecting mice with the disease-causing bacteria orally, the researchers could follow the course of the illness by analyzing what came out of the other end of the mice.
"In most studies, researchers clear out the resident bacteria with antibiotics before introducing infectious bacteria," said microbiologist Brooke Deatherage Kaiser. "In this study, we could watch Salmonella knock out the commensal organisms and then watch them come back. Following the interactions through time is not something we've been able to do before."
The story they put together shows how Salmonella usurps microbes that normally populate the gut. Known as commensal bacteria, resident bugs perform important functions such as breaking down carbohydrates and sugars that people and mice can't. Using advanced instruments and techniques, the researchers identified which populations of bacteria dominated as infection progressed and mice recovered, as well as changes in the gastrointestinal tract, such as the presence of inflammation and available nutrients. Some of the experiments were performed in EMSL, the DOE's Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory on PNNL's campus.
The Sugars
While many events the team witnessed were expected, such as infection causing inflammation in the gut, some were not. One unexpected change was in the kinds of sugars available for bacteria to eat. A handful of sugars that good bacteria normally chow down on lay around the gut untouched.
This stockpile of unusual sugars likely occurred because the good bacteria had, by that point, been overtaken by Salmonella and another bacterial variety, Enterococci. Enteroccoci are normally found in the gut, but can take advantage of opportunities to overgrow their welcome.
Unexpectedly, several lines of evidence suggested that Salmonella might use the sugar fucose as a food source. This study showed that the bacteria produced proteins that specifically help it digest fucose, which was the first time these researchers observed fucose proteins during Salmonella infection.
Although additional research will be needed to flesh out the role of fucose in the infectious cycle of Salmonella Typhimurium, this observation may help to control or prevent gastrointestinal infection in the future by a better understanding of nutrient sources and signals in the gut.
Overall, the study allowed the PNNL researchers to follow the rise and fall of the infecting bacteria, the fall and rise during recovery of the commensal bacteria, and changes to the gut as the mice fended off the infection. Future research will focus on what happens in other areas of the intestine to get a handle on the difference between the type of illness this study represented, acute gastrointestinal disease, and more systemic infection.
###
This work was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease.
Reference: Brooke L. Deatherage Kaiser, Jie Li, James A. Sanford, Young-Mo Kim, Scott R. Kronewitter, Marcus B. Jones, Christine T. Peterson, Scott N. Peterson, Bryan C. Frank, Samuel O. Purvine, Joseph N. Brown, Thomas O. Metz, Richard D. Smith, Fred Heffron, and Joshua N. Adkins. A Multi-Omic View of Host-Pathogen-Commensal Interplay in Salmonella-Mediated Intestinal Infection, PLOS ONE Month Day, Year, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067155. (http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0067155)
EMSL, the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, is a national scientific user facility sponsored by the Department of Energy's Office of Science. Located at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in Richland, Wash., EMSL offers an open, collaborative environment for scientific discovery to researchers around the world. Its integrated computational and experimental resources enable researchers to realize important scientific insights and create new technologies. Follow EMSL on Facebook, LinkedIn and Twitter.
Interdisciplinary teams at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory address many of America's most pressing issues in energy, the environment and national security through advances in basic and applied science. PNNL employs 4,500 staff, has an annual budget of nearly $1 billion, and has been managed for the U.S. Department of Energy by Ohio-based Battelle since the laboratory's inception in 1965. For more, visit the PNNL's News Center, or follow PNNL on Facebook, LinkedIn and Twitter.
[ | E-mail | Share ] ?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-06/dnnl-sii062113.php
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